Individual Rights vs Common Good

Discussion Both individual rights and common good must be protected. Ideally, if a few people go suffering in a community, majority of members of such communities are more distressed than if many suffer in so far a way places (Fitzgerald, 21). Furthermore, individuals not only mind more about people of their own communities, but maintain that they are justified in doing so.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Individual Rights vs Common Good – Essay with Examples specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More To protect the common good, an individual has a higher level of obligation to his own community than all others. In Beloved, Morrison examines vividly the period of slavery and the suffering of black slaves (Morison, 24). This paper examines how individual rights affect common good. Individual rights and common good are equally complementary Relationship between Individual Rights and Common Good In classical sense, peo ple should be maintained as holders of collective rights. Both good of a person as an individual, and as a member of community are both goods of one and same person. These goods can be differentiated but should not be separated. Thus, rights intended to secure each of these goods cannot be separated either. This happens even though they can be differentiated one from another. Both individual rights and common good must be recognized if the rights of the whole person are to be respected. This affirms that a common good cannot be separated from individual rights of a person who is part of that society (Purdy, 50). An individuals share in the common good is the highest proper good of that person. Though not a sufficient condition for the promotion of the common good, individual rights are nonetheless a necessary condition (Fitzgerald, 25). Without individual rights, it is difficult to begin to promote the common good. Consequently, there will be no protection of individual’s sha re in the common good without the protection of individual rights. Thus, there must be a recognized relationship of individual rights and common good. This linkage should be anchored into law (Paine, 46). When Morison speaks of relationships that should exist of mother to daughter, this right must be understood as part of broader common good to provide children an upbringing according to the dictates of their consciences. This occurs even when their consciences are in error as to what, in specific instance, constitutes what is good, bad or ugly.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Morrison carefully builds the story with background of slavery as justified by community as common good (Morison, 47). She grounds her story on historical records. Black women historically, preferred to kill their children sometimes rather than let them experience the brutalities of slavery. Whereas the sl ave owners justified women’s victimhood, comparisons given between wives and slaves is important to suggest sexist and racist oppression. Women tend to seek and discover solace in motherhood. For black slaves, however, it is a source of enhanced sadness (Purdy, 23). Racial Victimization of Women Individual rights require persons not to be discriminated against by race. Violation of the right to equal racial recognition consequently affects the common good in society. Morison explores the most painful period enslavement blacks by whites in black history (Morison, 105). Slavery has in fact been a racial-based institution in the history of USA, Morrison writes the book Beloved as a dedication to this violence on the black race. Beloved is set before and immediately after emancipation (Morison, 106). Individual right to an education, in the broad sense, to children is a natural right (Purdy, 27). This should be a priority right of State. This does not mean that rights of parents to their children are arbitrary. Their right to acquire an education is subordinate to natural and divine law. The execution of this right should not entail suppression of this right. Morison espouses articulately denial of education to black slaves in America. Education was found not necessary, at worse, unlawful for black people (Morison, 104). The individual rights of blacks were completely violated; as they were considered beings that were not conscious (Morison, 193). Gender Victimization of a Woman Individual right to freedom, in the wider sense, to black women is an inalienable right (Paine, 25). The state should not have sanctioned acts of slavery. For instance, individual rights of persons to be free from slavery produced the common good of their emancipation from slavery. Individual rights directly affect the common good.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Individual Rights vs Common Good – Essay with Examples specifically for you for o nly $16.05 $11/page Learn More Slavery curtailed freedom of black women (Morison, 23). It was easy for black women to achieve womanhood standards due to societal restrictions imposed by State. Womanhood is the common good that is inalienable to every free woman. Slave owners did not accord women freedom and triumph because they were black and were not male. The skin of black women categorized them within the bracket of an inferior race. Their gender on the other hand, confined them to be regarded lowly in society. They are regarded as brainless even by majority of black men. Black males strive always to stump their authority over black women to feel reassured of their manhood. In these circumstances, black woman survives motherhood as the most painful period in her slavery life (Purdy, 234). Person’s have individual rights to be accorded protection by divine law. Invincible ignorance is not allowed as an excuse of violation of the common good (Purdy, 23). Prote ction and safety of children is a common good which the state has the right and duty to impose. In Beloved Denver is a victim of child abuse (Morison, 253). Her childhood in initial years is spent in prison along with her mother. Her individual rights are blatantly violated She is mocked by the society for the crime committed by her mother. She spends most of her childhood in fear of being killed by her mother. She is a scared psychologically (Morison, 255). She wished to get a way from her mother who has been sentenced by law and society which has condemned her on sins committed by Sethe (Morison, 256). Morison depicts the influence of individual rights on the common good (Morison, 6). Children have individual right to care and stable family. All her children were sold in early infancy so she finds Sethe’s act too proud and egocentric (Morison, 45) For Baby Suggs, Sethe has underestimated her luck.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More She has her whole family with her and has the chance to see her offspring grow up whereas she has vague memories of her own children, sold in their great majority before their weaning time (Morison. 5). In fact, Sethe in her need to unify her family is caught by her slave owner. She refuses to let him sully them as he has done to her, so she kills her third child, a baby girl and hurts the two elders. Her strong feelings are contrary to the slave ethics as it is stated by Paul (Morison, 45). But Sethe has made up her mind; she will not let the white men sully her children like they have already done with her (Morison. 251). Conclusion Indeed, white and male rudeness has led women to end as murderous like Sethe. Sethe for instance, instead of letting her children return to Sweet Home and then live later the atrocities of slavery, has chosen to kill them one by one before killing herself. She kills her baby girl before being stopped and injures her two sons (Morison, 203). Then, indiv idual rights do not, on every circumstance serve as a means of pursuing the common good. Individual rights are presupposed in pursuit of the common good. The common good is the good of society as a whole and each of it components, that is; of all individuals who make up that society (Purdy, 64). Therefore, individual rights enhance the common good to the extent that each person in that community is a holder of those rights. In addition, it they promote the common good to the extent that their exercise enhances social harmony and balance (Maachem, 300). The primacy of the common good over private goods means the importance of collective rights if and only if due protection is given to individual rights (Paine, 46). Works Cited Fitzgerald, Scott. The Great Gatsby. New ork: Wiley Sons, 2008. Maachem, Jan. American Gospel. New York: Wiley Sons, 2007) Morrison, Tony. Beloved. New York: Signet, 1987. Paine, Thomas. The Age of Reason. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006. Purdy, T . A tolerable Anarchy. New York: Routledge, 2009. Purdy, T. The Universal Nation. New York: Routledge, 2007. This essay on Individual Rights vs Common Good was written and submitted by user Adam Lott to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Socrates and Piety essays

Socrates and Piety essays In Platos 5 dialogues Socrates questions Euthyphro during their meeting upon the steps of a courthouse. Socrates learns that Euthyphro is charging his father with the murder of a servant who himself was a murderer, and that Euthyphro believes he is serving the gods through piety. This leads to a conversation in which Socrates questions Euthyphro on the true nature of piety, he asks is something pious because all god-loves things are pious or are they simply pious, and in recognition of piety the gods love them. Euthyphro would argue that what is dear to the gods is pious, what is not is impious(Pg. 8-E) and such things are a part of subjectivism. The value of anything would thus arise from an agents (or gods in this case) belief or opinion about it. In such a belief nothing would have intrinsic value, there would be a dictated value of things. This theory preserves the absolute power of the gods. The latter possibility is one which Socrates is trying to argue too Euthypryo, that piety is recognized by the gods because of objectivism. He makes an analogy using objects and the act of carrying them, saying tell me whether the thing carried is a carried thing because it is being carried, or for some other reason (Pg. 12-B) meaning certain things have objective or intrinsic value and the gods in their infinite wisdom choose them for that reason. The agent does not make the thing have worth. In this ideology it is possible for the powerful to be mistaken, seems to place power over the gods and thus piety becomes a part of moral justice. From this perspective we start focusing on moral truths and morality of our actions, and self-responsibility becomes more important. When examining the question from a social, political, and theological perspective we start to notice how piety and justice play a role in our world, all depending on what side of the argument you agree with. For example, Euthyphros example...

The role of computers in teaching and learning Essay

The role of computers in teaching and learning - Essay Example A teacher can use a white board also to demonstrate and enhance learning experience. Another fact is if a student writes while he is studying the concept gets stored in his mind in a better way. The concept author is trying to explain here is that designed instructional media can only help and support a teacher in his teaching. This can be further explained by the fact that things said by a teacher are better explained and understood when pictures are used to illustrate them using designed instructional media. The final point raised by the author here is, the designed instructional media’s effectiveness depends upon the teacher meaning that how well the teacher is using all these accessories to achieve his objective. To make sure that the computer and its peripherals are in a good working condition the best way is to check up everything. The first step would be to make sure that the computer is not situated in an isolated place and the place is not very hot. Computers should be placed in places where cross ventilation is good. A checkup should be made to make sure all the hardware devices are in good working condition every wire is correctly plugged in. The compatibility of devices is very necessary or other wise a computer can have software problems while running. It should be made sure that all the jumpers are connected in their proper sockets. Every time the computer runs it should be properly booted and a proper procedure for shutting it down should be followed. Technology has given every field in the world a boost or a step forward. The same case is for teaching and learning. Technology gives us major support in learning and teaching things. Computer has revolutionized the world since it came into being. Computer has gone through evolution itself and made the human race feel its presence as well. People have started relying on computers a great deal which can be seen everywhere.

Culture, End of Life and Evidence Based Practice Assignment

Culture, End of Life and Evidence Based Practice - Assignment Example We also use scientific theories to support our hypothesis. Using their findings, we tend to explore and add evidences to tailor their needs or the clinical problem. It is not easy to find research findings that would be of clinical significance to your study. Critical thinking skill is very much essential in finding the best evidence that would support your study. In addition, the researcher in evidence based practice always work on what they think would be of the best interests of the patient. They also used their clinical judgment in applying evidence to patient care. 2. Discuss the process of how current evidence is used to make clinical decisions. In using current evidence to make clinical decisions, evidence based practice follows a distinct process which are different from nursing research process or research utilization. First, researchers observe, recognize, and identify clinical problem. After identification of the clinical problem, researchers will gather researches that ar e of clinical significance to the present situations. When we speak of clinical significance, we can say that related literatures or studies the researchers have gathered came from the experts and have used scientific theories. Using their critical thinking, the researcher will synthesize all the evidence and will integrate all the findings from the expert to the patient input or current situation. ... PICO stands for Population, Intervention being tested, Comparison, and Outcome (Gerrish & Lacey, 2010, 69). PICO could be illustrated in the question that follows: â€Å"In an adult population, does taking virgin coconut oil (compared to not taking one) increase the level of good cholesterol?† The population is the adult population, taking virgin coconut oil is the intervention, comparison set-up are those adults who are not taking virgin coconut oil, while the projected outcome is the increased levels of good cholesterol. 4. Identify common complementary and alternative therapies used by clients based on culture. The use of complementary and alternative therapies has increased dramatically for the past decades. Complementary therapies refer to treatment approaches that can be used in conjunction with conventional medical therapies whereas; alternative therapies are treatment approaches that are not accepted by medical practice (Daniels, 2004, 812). The used of complementary-a lternative modalities (CAM) depend upon the culture of an individual. Sometimes, those therapies of Western origin are called complementary while those who do not are called alternative. For instance, the Ancient Greek culture viewed health as the balance of in all the dimensions of life and healing is administered primarily by trained priest-healers. In Chinese, Japanese, and Indian culture, health is viewed as the balance between mind, body, and spirit. They have this concept called â€Å"energy force† which is deeply rooted on their religious beliefs; examples of which include the Tao healing in Chinese and the Ayurveda in Hindu culture. Aside from religious affiliations, one can observe the emergence of Shaman

Critical Thinking and Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Critical Thinking and Ethics - Essay Example This is because the outlook is essential to critical reasoning does not occur or may be poor quality. On the other hand, ethical reasoning equips learners and professionals the knowledge and skills to apply appropriate theories and sculpt in a better ethical framework. Moreover, ethical reasoning help individuals in verdict and resolution making skills assess the result and query inconsistence pushing for rectification (Benner, Hughes & Sutphen, 2008). Critical thinking directly relates to the ethical reasoning; this is because in many professional carriers judgment are sampled in relation to the kind of thinking employed. This takes the lead in achieving to provide quality services to avoid harm. In this regard, critical thinking in the field of medicine can be influenced by information and understanding, employing strategies such as part of learning to categorize the issues and occasion, and holistically manufacture the resource in practice (Benner, Hughes & Sutphen, 2008). For instance, some doctors and police force in the china are deviating from the rules and principles governing critical thinking and ethical reasoning. The police execute the prisoners as their constitution states. However, a few doctors are employed carry the transplant of organs of the executed prison, which are sold. In addition, the doctors completely ignore the principles of ethical reasoning which emphasis on protecting the concepts of wrong and bad (Benner, Hughes & Sutphen, 2008). In addition, Dr. Chan in the surgical department of a restricted military hospital in the Southern China explains how they extract the kidneys. They cut a section of the bone from the lower leg, and the extracted organs are placed in a special liquid, which maintain their freshness before they are taken to kidney patient (Benner, Hughes & Sutphen, 2008). Performing this act is deviating from the moral principles of critical thinking and ethical

Sustainable Public Procurement vs Green Public Procurement

Sustainable Public Procurement vs Green Public Procurement This section provides the background to the research and overview or outlines the overall framework of the dissertation. It describe the research process that include research problem, problem statement, aim, and objectives of the research, the scope of research being investigated, methodology adopted and finally the summary of the overall research structure undertaken. 1.0.2 Background Sustainability have become a widespread issue in developing countries as the effort to develop the country and conserving the Mother Nature at the same time increased. This effort is also due to the commitment agreed after United Nation Conference on Environment and Development in 1992 established Agenda 21. The Agenda 21 which contains blueprints on sustainability in 21st century was agreed by most of the governments to incorporate the sustainability concept in developments and economic area but still preserving the environment and natural resources. The construction industry is in no exception. Construction industry contributes 3.5 per cent to the countrys gross domestic product in 2011 (Jabatan Statistik Malaysia,2011) . These consist mainly of public sector projects under governments development programme. This indicates that the government have a big role to encourage the sustainability concept since they are the client with the biggest purchasing power. The sustainability developments by the Malaysian Green Technology Policy 2009 are the development of products, equipment and systems used to conserve the natural environment and resources, which minimizes and reduces the negative impact of human activities. While procurement is defined as a process that produces, manages and fulfils contract relating to various works such as construction, leasing properties, discarding properties or give permission for a project (Watermeyer,2004). The local government have the power to incorporate sustainability in its project through sustainable procurement. Sustainable procurement ensures that the project tendered by contractor have the element of sustainability incorporated inside the documents. By using their leverage to opt for goods and services that also respects the environment they can influence the contractor to include more energy efficient building system (Walker H., Brammer, 2009). This give a clear signal to the procurement parties to use environmental efficient technologies in the buildings as stated in the contract. Among the local government in other country that used sustainable procurement system is the Dutch Ministry for Economic Affairs. Their agency, Senter Novem defined sustainable procurement as applying environmental and social aspects in all stages of the procurement process to ensure that it results in the actual delivery of product, service or work in line with such environmental and social aspects. It is also defined as construction that brings about the required performance with the least unfavourable ecological impacts while encouraging economic, social and cultural improvement at local, regional and global level. (Taipale, 2010) 1.1 PROBLEM STATEMENT Sustainability is one of the five main areas of the Government Transformation Programme. Therefore, in order to achieve this, the policies need to be enforced. This is to ensure the implementation will take place and change can be seen. However, sustainable procurement is also important which are not well known in Malaysian construction industry. There is a need to know the level of awareness of this procurement so that it can help policy makers to do policies that are applicable to Malaysian environment. This is because Malaysia have a strong foundation in the sustainability issue but still lacking in implementation level. As stated by Perera et. al (2007), law and policies are not enough to change the usual traditional procurement system which are based on value for money rather than the whole life of value of the project. According to CIMP 2006-2015, road to sustainability is expected to come by 2015. However, 2015 is getting near and the changes are still yet to be seen. 1.2 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES 1.2.1 AIMS This paper aims to discover the awareness of construction industry players of the sustainable procurement. It is can be used to discover the problems that hinder or cause the industry players hesitant to incorporate sustainability in procurement even though there are various policies available nowadays. By using natural materials in the design does not mean the building is sustainable. Everything that came from the Mother Nature does not necessarily sustainable to begin with. For example, tyres which made out of 100% natural ingredient which is rubber. Therefore, it is hoped that the understanding of sustainability itself and the ability to incorporate sustainable into procurement can be done. 1.2.2 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES a. To identify the awareness of the construction industry players about sustainable procurement. b. To identify the problems in implementation level. c. To find appropriate recommendation to encourage the use of sustainable public procurement in public projects. 1.3 SCOPE OF RESEARCH The scope of this paper will limit on the procurements for public projects as the projects in Malaysia are mostly from the Government development programmes. The scope will limit for government projects in Sarawak only. 1.4 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY The research methodology will explain how the objectives of this study can be achieved. This chapter will show the flow and the method used to gather the data and information to achieve the objective of study. The data and information will be adopted by specific approach depend on the nature of the investigation. It can be categorized into two stages: Data collection methods are an integral part of research design in any research. Data can be collected in variety of ways and in different setting. Data can be obtained from primary and secondary data. The primary data refer to information which gathered from first hand experiences in the specific of studies. Then, the secondary data is the data which are collected from the publish data or the data collected which are already existed. Primary Data Questionnaires Questionnaires will be given out to Quantity Surveyors, Engineers and other construction industry related job such as contract administrators and others. The questionnaires are intended to assemble all the information that needed to prove the objective of the research paper. Secondary Data The Literature Review was carried out to establish some general knowledge of the research topic. A clearer framework of the research was established for secondary data. These are all obtained from: Journals Articles Information from internet Dissertation Publisher research work Books 7.0 TENTATIVE CHAPTER HEADINGS Chapter 1: Introduction The introduction will discuss on issues relating to sustainable construction and sustainability in procurements. Other items included under this heading are problem statements, aim and objectives and scope of the study. This chapter will also line out the research methodology of the research paper and its significant to the construction industry. Chapter 2: Literature Review Chapter 2 will review on the sustainable procurement principles, the distinction between sustainable and green procurement. The chapter will also review the other countries that have taken steps to implement sustainable procurement in the public projects. The characteristics, benefits and the procurement practices in Malaysia will also be reviewed under this heading. Chapter 3: Sustainable Procurement This heading will further discuss on the integration of the sustainability into procurement. The chapter will also discuss the application of sustainable procurement in other countries such as United Kingdom. The National policies on sustainability issues will also be discussed in this chapter. This is to show that Malaysia have strong foundation on policy but lack in implementation. The roles of Government in implementing sustainable procurement will also be discussed. Chapter 4: Data Analysis And Findings This chapter will discuss on the data obtained and findings on the research. Chapter 5: Conclusion and Recommendations This chapter will conclude on the overall issues and recommend the suitable solution. CHAPTER 2:Â  LITERATURE REVIEW 2.0 INTRODUCTION Nowadays, the consumption of goods and services causes the emission of chemical substances, mass use of natural resources and other activity generates waste and pollution. Sustainable procurement ensure the environmental, social and economic objective is achieved. The construction industry uses a lot of natural resources, waste and pollution. In order to control these problems, the solution must start from the procurement itself. Malaysian construction industry has no problem in adopting and implementing the sustainable practices however, due to lack of knowledge and due to financial constraints the progress are slow (Othman R., 2008). 2.1 SUSTAINABLE PROCUREMENT: AN OVERVIEW 2.1.1 Principle According to United Nation, sustainable principle is based on environmental, social and economic consideration. These three objective must be combined together to produce a sustainable procurement. The procurement strategy must consider the life cycle value of the project, social impact and the economic benefits. The life cycle value of the project does not means the value in terms of financial value only. The life cycle value of the project in sustainable procurement also means the project have lower environmental impact. This ensures that the building is not only green initially, but also after end of use. The building components must consist of materials that are Eco labelled. Among the energy rating label on product is Energy Star. Energy Star is an international recognized standard for electrical product. A procurement officer can check whether the product such as air conditioner have an Energy Star label. Other than that, the procurement officer can refer to the specification i n Energy Stars website. This is to ensure the product is energy efficient and have lower environmental impact. Sustainable procurement gives impact socially by supporting the local businesses. Supporting businesses by single mother is also considered helping the social level to progress. When support is given to these local businesses, their business will eventually grow and job opportunity created. Economically, if there is a demand for green innovative product the market will try to supply more of the similar products and probably more competitive price can be obtained from the market. This opens up a bigger market for sustainable products. More variety of products with reasonable price will be available. The assessment of economic sustainability considers not only the initial investment in land and construction, but also questions such as the cost of maintaining and operating a building over a longer period of time. Social and societal sustainability covers issues which are often closely linked with economic and environmental ones, such as access to basic services, upgrading poor housing conditions, creating decent jobs, fair trade of construction materials, transparency. of tenders for contracts., cultural values embedded in old buildings, and accessibility to buildings. (Taipale, 2010). 2.1.2 Sustainable VS. Green Although the term green and sustainability used interchangeably, there is a difference of green and sustainable construction. For green buildings (the middle-size box), common phases of the life cycle for the building are incorporated into construction. Indoor environmental quality is a variable added into the green building model compared to the conventional building model. In green building, the stage of incorporating green character of a building only started during design stage. While for sustainable, the concept are incorporated since the pre-design stage. During pre-design stage, all the design team, owners and all other parties involved need to establish and understand the objectives on sustainability. They also need to share their opinions on sustainability and agree on common priorities including the potential challenges on reusing and refurbishing the building. They need to learn lessons from best practices on other projects to examine possible changes or innovations for th e proposed building. (Taipale, 2010) In sustainable buildings (the bigger box), the numbers of variables and stages of the building life-cycle considered are even larger. Based on the figure 2.1, the concept of sustainability comprises of whole building life cycle value. Variable such as site selection, project planning and urban design, service quality, social and economic aspect and cultural and perceptual aspect are added to this model. In pre design stage, site selection is considered important. Selection of site must not give negative impacts to the surrounding environment. Impacts on groundwater, natural resources, decrease in accessibility, pollution to soil and orientation of sun and wind are several items that need to be considered for site selection. 2.1.2 Why sustainability need to be integrated with procurement? Through procurement that requires sustainability to be incorporated in the construction, the market will see a signal to supply more sustainable products to meet the criteria. This is because where there is demand, there will be supply. Laymans checklist shows that procurement is one of the issues that need to be taken account during construction of sustainable buildings. 2.1.3 Sustainable Procurement: A Global Issue Sustainable procurement is already enforced in New Zealand, United Kingdom..___. The Marrakech Project is a task force formed to do the framework on sustainable procurement as a result from Agenda 21. According to Marrakech Force, Japan According to Shohei Yamada from Ministry of Environment Japan, the key Japans success in green purchasing is due to the law in green purchasing that are strictly enforced and implemented in by Japans government. Switzerland Marrakech Task Force United Kingdom Sustainable Procurement Action Plan 2.2 National Policy On Sustainability Issue Malaysia had taken a step towards sustainability after Rio Summit in 1992. The summit requires various countries to commit on the sustainable development issue. There were 27 principles of sustainable development identified during the conference. During Rio Summit, there is also a guideline on sustainable development which is known as Agenda 21. After Rio Summit in 1992, Malaysian government introduced the Malaysian National Environment Policy. (elaborate) The development of various initiatives and policy of sustainable development in Malaysia started since the Kyoto Declaration in 2002 is signed by various countries. Benefits of Sustainable Procurement There are several benefits listed by Kennard (2006) for sustainable procurements. Among them are: Control costs by adopting a wider approach to whole life costing. When wider approach to whole life costing is adopted, the once considered expensive item will be seen as cost saving in long term. This is through the efficient use of the sustainable material and products. Several research and best practices proved that by evaluating the life cycle value of the building, positive social and environmental impact can be achieved. For example in choosing the type of bulb to be used in a building. The energy saving bulb initial cost is expensive. But it uses less energy which brings to less electricity current. The bulb also long lasting therefore it does not require change regularly. This reduces the maintenance cost of the building operation. Comply with environmental and social legislation. There are various tools implemented by the Government in environmental and social legislation to improve sustainability such as transforming Ministry of Communication, Water and Energy to Ministry of KETTHA. There are also guidelines in developing a sustainable development in National Urbanization Policy. Incentives are also given such as exemption from tax if a developer achieves the Green Building Index certificate. There is also a Green Technology Funding Scheme (GTFS) where the construction fulfils the criteria in Table 2.0. No. Criteria Elaboration Requirement 1 Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy By using the building orientation as a method to optimise the consumption of energy. For example to get good natural lighting, the orientation of the building must be towards the sunlight. The building also need to use building services that use renewable energy, ensure proper testing made to the services and do regular maintenance. Minimum Energy Efficient Performance Compliance to minimum requirement of MS1525:2007 Renewable Energy 2 Indoor Environmental Quality Good indoor air quality, acoustics, visual and thermal comfort. This includes using a low volatile organic compound materials, use a quality air filtration system, proper control of air temperature, movement and humidity. Minimum IAQ Performance Minimum indoor air quality (IAQ) performance to enhance indoor air quality in building, thus contributing to the comfort and well-being of the occupants. Low indoor air pollutants, mould prevention 3 Sustainable Site Planning and Management Selecting appropriate sites with planned access to public transportation, community services, open spaces and landscaping. Avoiding and conserving environmentally sensitive areas through the redevelopment of existing sites and brownfields. Implementing proper construction management, storm water management and reducing the strain on existing infrastructure capacity. Environment Management Conserve existing natural area Restore damaged area to provide habitat Promote biodiversity Maximize open space by providing a high ratio of open space to development footprint to promote biodiversity. Earthworks Construction activity pollution control and Reduce social impact to surrounding. Public transportation access Reduce pollution and land development impacts from automobile use. Storm water design to limit the disruption of natural hydrology Reduce heat island effect. 4 Materials and Resources Use products that are from environmental friendly and recyclable source. Implement a proper waste management system, with storage, collection and reuse of recyclables and construction waste and formworks. Materials reuse and recycle content materials and construction waste management. Use of environmentally-friendly Refrigerants and Clean Agents. 5 Water Efficiency Practices rainwater harvesting, water recycling and water saving fittings Rainwater Harvesting to reduce potable water consumption. Water Recycling to reduce potable water consumption. Water Efficient Irrigation/ Landscaping Encourage the design of system that does not require the use of potable water supply from the local water reticulation. Water Efficient Fittings Encourage reduction in potable water consumption through use of efficient devices. Metering Leak Detection System Encourage the design of systems that monitors and manages water consumption. 6 Innovation Use an innovative design and initiatives in promoting energy efficiency that meets the goal of Green Building Index Innovation in design environmental design initiatives that contribute to reduce impact to the environment. Green building accredited facilitator To support and encourage the design integration required for green / sustainable building rated buildings and to streamline the application and certification process. Table 2.0 : Criteria and Requirements for obtaining Green Technology Funding Scheme (GTFS) (Source : http://www.gtfs.my/page/criteria-building-and-township-sector) There are also rebates for those who procure the air conditioning, refrigerator or chiller which are rated 5-star by Suruhanjaya Tenaga. The Government are encouraging the consumers to use energy efficient appliances by listing the 5-star rated products in the website. They also provide a savings calculator to show how much saving the consumer can get if they use an energy efficient electrical appliances. This is to help create a culture of efficient use of energy into consumers and business entities. Manage risk and reputation. In order to implement the sustainable procurement, an organization needs to fully change its policies and procedures. It is vital that the sustainability criteria are integrated into the management itself before it is applied to other areas such as procurement. The existing procurement practice and policies need to be evaluated to clarify what the organization really needed to purchase. The procurement policies need to adopt sustainable strategies in order to manage unnecessary consumption and demand thus reducing the impact of energy use to environment. By producing a guideline of the procurement policy, the performance of sustainable procurement can be measured in future. Thus sustainable procurement goals can be developed from time to time. This process will provide a measurement for re-evaluating the sustainability of the supply chain and build a reputation for the organization as an organization that practices good ethical value of sustainable in procurement. (Kennard, 2006) CHAPTER 3 3.0 INTRODUCTION According to Kallet (2004), a studys validity is judged based on the method section of a research paper which provides all of the information in a study. Therefore, a solid research methodology planning precise description of each action must be prepared prior to the commencement of a particular research study. The credibility of the outcome of the research and how the research can be applied in a general population interest is referred as validity (Kallet, 2004). Therefore, the authenticity of content in a research paper are depending on the degree of the validity of its outcome to the overall population and ability of the research paper to be used as future reference. Hulley et.al (1988) as cited by Kallet (2004), stated that the credibility of a study is solely determined by the degree to which conclusion drawn from a research correctly what actually transpired during a study, known as Internal Validity. Moreover, Kallets 2004 study (Hulley et.al, 1988) stated that as for External validity refers to whether the result of a study depending on the degree of the study can be generalized to a larger population. Planning a research methodology before the execution of a research study is essential in ensuring that the outcome of the study which was based on its objectives can be reached and its degree of validity is credible for future reference. 3.1 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY OF THE TOPIC 3.1.1 Objectives of the Study The research on the has three most important goals or objective which comprises of the following: To identify the awareness of the construction industry players about sustainable procurement. To identify the problems in implementation level of sustainable procurement in construction industry. To find appropriate recommendation to encourage the use of sustainable public procurement in public projects. These three main objectives were set out as a guideline in executing the research study on the topic. The methodologies used in order to obtain valuable information for this research study are based on sources from both Primary and Secondary Data. Primary Data for this research study was obtained by means of interviews with numerous individual and site visits. Among the barriers in obtaining the primary data was the restriction due to governmental policies, availability of the person in- charge, communication barriers, bureaucracy hassle, public transportation breakdown, financial limit, time constraint, and weather condition. As for the Secondary Data, the information was obtained from journals, articles, electronic information, dissertations, publisher research work, and book of related topic. 3.1.2 Summary of Research Methodology 3.1.2.1 Primary Data Due to the effect of degree of validity of a research study to the credibility of the outcome of the study, the data obtained for executing the study is scrutinized and filtered in order to obtain only the worthy information. Primary data can be defined as the first hand data that was obtain by the researcher prior to the commencement of the research, it is the foremost sources of information which was obtained from both interviews and site visits. Prior to the these data gathering can commence, a letter of consent for request of approval for using the project as a case study was submitted to the responsible being for approval and official notification. The interviews were carried out largely at the mentioned public department. Among the individual interviewed was the Head of the Developers, Quantity Surveyors, Civil Engineers, Architects, and Contractor and also other parties that involved and understand the procurement content. 3.2.2.2 Secondary Data According to Stacks (2002), secondary data can be defined as report on the outcome of the primary data. It is not as authoritative as the primary data as it often provides broad background and readily improves ones learning curve. Therefore, obviously the secondary data is not as reliable as the primary data. The secondary data used in this research is obtained from books related to the research topic, articles, journals, electronic information, dissertations, and public works research. 3.2 SOURCE OF RESEARCH DATA 3.2.3 Primary data Primary data obtained for the purpose of the study consist of interviews and site visits. Interviews The interviews carried out for the purpose of this study can be divided into two, namely : Semi structured interviews. Informal interviews. 3.2.3.1.1 Semi Structured Interviews Rashid (1998) suggested that it is more desirable to conduct a semi-structured interview which is closer to the qualitative research method in order to be balanced and attempt to obtain additional information that would enrich the quantitative data obtained through questionnaire survey. As the nature of the investigation is a combination of qualitative and quantitative that seek for the answer for open-ended and close-ended questions of why and how therefore, it is more appropriate to conduct semi-structured interview in which it provides opportunities to researcher to capture both data. To ensure the smoothness and to facilitate the respondents in answering the questions, the following guides and procedures were followed: The main instructions were clearly explained during the beginning of interview sessions. Each respondents were requested to discuss on one or more specific projects that has been selected during content analysis prior to the interview in which they were directly involved in the strategic briefing process. The respondents were allowed to express their opinion freely in the future outlook of sustainable procurement in construction industry, in order to explore potential variables and concepts that may have been overlooking during literature review. The questions were design to be short and simple, which developed from objectives of the research. A five-point rating scale were used for close-ended questions with choices of responses of : 1 Not at all aware 2 Slightly aware 3 Somewhat aware 4 Moderately aware 5 Extremely aware 3.2.3.1.2 Informal Interviews Informal interviews were carried out by means of telecommunication such as telephone calls, emails, and Short Messaging System or better known as SMS. This type of interview were conducted in order to acquire basic information such as the availability of the person in charge, hardcopy information for appendix purposes, and other related references. 3.2.3.1.3 Questionnaires The final stage of data collection is a postal questionnaire survey. The primary objective of postal questionnaire survey is to measure the level of clients practices during briefing. It also carried out to measure the level of project success based on perception of the architects in-charged for the selected project. Responses and variables on clients practices during briefing and level of project success obtained from the survey were used to validate findings on semi-structured interview on the previous stage of data collection, in order to have reliable, unbiased and meaningful data. Given that the location of the respondents were relatively remote, financial limitation and constrained by timeline of the study, a postal questionnaire survey was observed as the most appropriate method to collecting data from the respondents. According to Sekaran (2003), the main advantage of mail questionnaire is that a wide geographical area can be covered in the survey. Naoum (1998) added it is more suited to assembling a mass of information at a minimum expense in terms of finance, human and other resources. A set of question was developed for the purpose of the survey in which divided into several sections that covered background of the respondents, level of knowledge and concept of sustainable development and construction, application of sustainability in procurement, barriers to implement sustainable procurement in construction industry and future outlook of the sustainable procurement in construction. To encourage high response rate and to ensure the required information were obtained, the following guides and procedures were followed: The questions were design to be short and simple, and were formatted on A4 sizes paper. The main instructions were clearly printed in the front page of the questionnaire form. The questionnaire was divided into several sections, according to research objectives and category of information required. Refer to Appendix 1 for copy of questionnaire used in the postal questionnaire survey. Secondary Data According to Ober (2008), secondary data is not as good as the primary data , however, it is not the worst kind of data that can be used in completing a research study. Moreover, there are many advantageous in applying the secondary data as a method in completing a research study, this is due to the facts that it is low in term of cost and less time consuming than gathering primary data, therefore, secondary data will help save money, energy, and time. However, it also holds its own disadvantages in terms of the quality of the available data and its availability for a particular topic of a research study. Most of the secondary data gathered in this study was obtained from construction journals and articles. The secondary data for this research was also gathered from the electronic

Graduation Speech -- Graduation Speech, Commencement Address

Psalm 25:9: "The humble He guides in justice, And the humble He teaches His way." Good evening ladies and gentlemen, faculty and staff, family, honored guests, and fellow students. Thank you for coming to our graduation services this evening. My name is Rebekah Hoad and I am the Valedictorian for the graduating class of 2006. I am honored and blessed to be the messenger of years gone by and the inspiration of years to come. This is not only a time to receive a diploma but it is an opportunity to celebrate our lives. A time that represents our past childhood and passage into adulthood. As we embark on life's journey, remember to build on the foundation laid by our parents and teachers. Apply what we have learned and embrace God's love to strive for spiritual maturity. For me, the years have gone by faster than I could ever have imagined. I can still remember walking into my first grade classroom, my very first day at Caleb Christian School. Mrs. Cusic was my teacher and I recall her telling me several times that I was not the teacher. Over the years our school has changed. Teach...

Meaning of Life and Thanksgiving Essay

As the first pilgrims arrived at Plymouth Rock and had a feast with the Indians, they shared a moment of thanks together. They gave thanks for all their blessings, thus, creating our lovely day of Thanksgiving. When Thanksgiving is thought of, the first thing that comes to mind is turkey and a plentiful amount of food. Thanksgiving to me, is the time to be together with the ones you care about. Coming together for a day to just be with each other and to catch up is what Thanksgiving means to me. Family should be with each other to share memories and to realize the plentiful amount of blessings they have been given. Thanksgiving is not only a day for gorging on food or falling into a food coma, but talking with each other and just being glad to be with one another. Having family during Thanksgiving is a crucial part in my life. Having all of my relatives in one place for one day to talk and have fun with them makes Thanksgiving extra special for me. It is one of the few days of the year that I get to see everybody. The turkey, yams, cranberry sauce, mashed potatoes is just the icing on the cake. Everybody in my family loves the food. We eat and eat until we can’t eat anymore. My family has a tradition of playing soccer afterwards but that goes only so far due to our full stomachs. My cousins and I play a friendly game of poker, afterwards our failed attempts for soccer, for first dibs on dessert. After a good game of poker, my cousins and I look for ways to entertain ourselves meanwhile the adults talk about their lives and brag about their kids. Society today makes Thanksgiving look like a day just to eat. As society advances the meaning of Thanksgiving deteriorates into a secular holiday. The meaning of Thanksgiving seems obsolete. I truly believe that Thanksgiving should be refreshed in its meaning and should be celebrated with family and love. As people come together to share a special day in our history, this should be a day which people will not take for granted.

How You Can Pick the Best SAT Test Locations

How You Can Pick the Best SAT Test Locations SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips It may seem like there's not a lot you can do, besides studying, to improve your mental state on the day of the SAT. But there are a few key things that can make a huge difference, and one of them is where you take the test. Why does what SAT test center you choose matter so much? Well, your brain can only focus on math, reading, and writing when everything else is out of the way, and a lot of things that can get in the way have to do with logistics and environment. In this article, we'll discuss the two ways of finding convenient locations for taking the SAT. Where Can I Find the SAT Testing Centers? There are two ways to find SAT test centers. The first is more convenient but more limited, and the second is inconvenient but gives you clearer information. Option 1: Search SAT Testing Centers by State Visit this page for a search form:http://sat.collegeboard.org/register/test-center-code-search I recommend that you choose only the state and don't type in a city. (When you type a city, the site finds SAT test locations in only that city and doesn't include locations in nearby towns). Instead, choose the state, then browse for cities that are close to you. This screen shows the first two SAT centersin Massachusetts that begin with â€Å"A† for the October 2017 SAT test date. The drawbacks to this search method is that you can't search for test centers close to you but in different cities. Furthermore, this doesn't tell you whether these test locations will administer the test on the date that you're planning to take the test, or whether all seats have been taken. The next method solves both these problems. Option 2: Search for SAT Test Centers by Zip Code To find test centers closest to you by zip code, you have to start to register for the test. You don't actually have to complete registration. This method is more cumbersome but also more informative. First, visit this page, and then click "Register for the SAT." After logging in, you'll be taken to your "My SAT" page, which has a blue button labeled "Register for the SAT" on the righthand side. Once you click that button, you'll be taken to a test registration screen. You'll first have to fill out a page with your personal information (including what test date you want). You'll then be able to skip through a number of forms asking for information about your high school experience (no need to put that in now). Finally, you'll end up at section 3, "Select Test Center" At the bottom of this page, you'll see a "search by Zip code" option: This screen gives you a lot more information. First, I can see that SAT testing locations that normally administer the test don't happen to be administering this specific test. If one of these were my high school, I would suddenly have to change my plans. Secondly, there are only a limited number of seats at each location. If you register too late, you can run out. You can see that this method of search is more helpful. Why doesn't the College Board make this more informative option available publicly? Sometimes you have to wonder whether the College Board just likes making things more difficult for families. Which SAT Test Location Should I Choose? Your best choice of test location depends on a few important factors, in order of importance: How far is it, and how long does it take to travel? How familiar are you with the location and layout? Will you know other people at that location? Will that improve or worsen your performance? Are there known problems about the test center that make it problematic? We'll cover each in order. #1: How Far Is It? How Long Does It Take to Get There? The number one issue regarding test location is timing. You want to get there on timethe College Board recommends arriving at the test center no later than 7:45 a.m., unless the Admission Ticket says otherwise. This typically means you'll need to wake up early, maybe earlier than you're used to. For example, if it takes you an hour to drive to the test location, you’ll likely need to wake up around 6AM to have enough time to get energized, eat breakfast, and arrive at the site with time to spare. Keep in mind that the longer it takes to get there, the longer the delay might be. A 10 minute drive might be delayed only by 5 minutes, but a 60 minute drive can be delayed by 30 minutes. Recommendation:Generally try to choose locations that are closer to where you live. #2: How Familiar Are You With the Location and Layout? On the day of the test, you want as little stress as possible so you can fully concentrate on the test. If you've traveled to the location before, then chances are much lower that you'll get confused by directions or run into unexpected construction. On the other hand, traveling to an unfamiliar location might cause you to be stressed, which might not wear off until well into the test. Similarly, knowing the layout of the location is helpful during bathroom breaks. Because you only get a few minutes to use the bathroom and eat a snack, getting lost in the hallways can be anxiety-provoking. Because test centers often don't provide clear signs to the bathroom and back to the classroom, it's possible to lose your way. Recommendation: Choose a location that you’re familiar with, both in travel and layout. If you must choose an unfamiliar location, visit it to get familiar with it, or budget extra time the day of the test to get there earlier and learn the layout. #3: Will You Know Other People at That Location? If you choose your local high school like most students, you’ll likely run into a lot of people you know. Depending on what type of person you are, this can be a good or bad thing. To some, being around friends is helpful. It relieves stress, and chatting during breaks helps them feel less nervous about the importance of the test. To these people, going to an unfamiliar location with strangers actually causes more anxiety and puts them on edge. To others, the opposite is true - being around friends for the SAT is more stressful than being around strangers. You might want as little distraction as possible, and talking to your friends might make you lose concentration You want to relax silently during breaks, but you don’t want to give the impression that you’re rudely brushing off your friends. Plus, what if you take the test in the same room as your crush? It might be hard to take the test with the person close by. Which group do you fit into? Each person is different, so decide accordingly. Recommendation: If being around friends on test day is helpful, register at your high school. If it’s stressful, register elsewhere, keeping in mind the location and layout factors above. #4: Are You Aware of Issues With the Test Center? You'll usually be able to predict problems only if you're taking the test at your high school. Here are problems that you should think about: Temperature control: do you know if the location can maintain a temperature that’s comfortable for you? Or are the thermostats always malfunctioning? Windows: do you tend to feel claustrophobic in this location, and might the presence of windows help you relax? Testing environment: do you know if the location has noises, smells, or other factors that might be distracting? Maybe the desks tend to be uneven, or the chairs uncomfortable? Recommendation: Avoid testing centers with known problems. For most students, they'll take the SAT at their high school, if possible. But this isn't always the best option. Should I Take the SAT At My High School? Most students, if given the choice, take the SAT at their high school. While this does give you automatic familiarity with the building(s) and how to get there, it can have significant mental downsides. You should NOT take the SAT at your high school if: Seeing people you know causes you more stress or makes you break concentration. There's another location that's significantly closer to your home. If you can save 10 minutes or more of travel time, this can be worth it. You already know of problems at your high school, like a nearby construction project. Being in the same environment as where you spend most of your day causes you to lose focus or doze off. I feel strongly about this topic because it made a huge difference for me. When I took my second SAT, all the slots at my high school were full, so I chose a high school about 30 minutes away. The drive was relaxing, and it felt totally neutral, a buffer between the SAT and the rest of my life. My test location didn't feel like school; it was a big concrete building and nothing was familiar, so my mind was a blank slate. The previous year, I'd scored a 1440 (of 1600) on the SAT I took at my own high school. I didn't do any prep between the two SATs I took, but on the test I took half an hour away, I got a perfect score. 5 SAT Test Location Tips #1: Check Your Messages for Cancellation Notifications Read all your mail and email in the weeks leading up to the test.If your test center is canceled for your test date, this is how you will be notified and given an alternative.Your test center might be canceled for a number of reasons.One possible cancellation happens when too few students sign up to test there. If that, or anything else they control, changes, you will be notified and given an alternative. They also cancel locations where weather makes it dangerous for students to travel. In these cases, the cancellation will be announced on Friday night and Saturday morning on this website. #2: Pre-Visit the Test Center If you're registering in an unfamiliar location, consider visiting it days before the test. This will make sure you've traveled the route once before. You can also check out the facilities and environment so you have an idea of what to expect. #3: Structure Your Travel Time If your SAT test center is close by, then great! You'll be able to take more time to sleep and won't have as much time to stress on your way there. If you have to travel 30 minutes or more to get to your SAT test location, though, you might end up wasting the whole trip fretting about the test without actually accomplishing anything. Instead of giving into anxiety, take these three actions: Pack a breakfast to eat on the way there. This can save you some time so you don't have to wake up extra early. Because the ride is long, you have more opportunities to feel anxious. Pack along music that relaxes you and makes you feel confident. Try to review notes on your way there. This will keep your mind tuned, especially since you have to wake up earlier than normal. #4: Make Sure You Select the Right Test Center You can change your testing location after registration, but it'll cost you $28, and by that point seats at other locations might be limited. #5: Be Careful About Taking Tests in a Different State If you live near a state line, you may want to consider which state you'd prefer to take your test in, because their laws differ. Some states mandate reporting scores to scholarship agencies, for example, and California and New York have special rules about the information test-takers must be given. If you want to take the SAT in a different state, make sure you know their regulations! What's Next? Now that you know where to take the test, find out WHEN the best SAT test dates are. What's a good SAT score? Read our step by step guide to figure out what score you should aim for. Want to learn more about the SAT but tired of reading blog articles? Then you'll love our free, SAT prep livestreams. Designed and led by PrepScholar SAT experts, these live video events are a great resource for students and parents looking to learn more about the SAT and SAT prep. Click on the button below to register for one of our livestreams today!

Juvenile Statistics in Criminal Activities

Juvenile Statistics in Criminal Activities Introduction Juveniles consist of young children and youth offenders who have not yet attained the age of adulthood (in most cases eighteen years) while Juvenile delinquency is the engagement of children and youthful offenders in criminal activities. Crime is an aspect that has raised concern among individuals, groups and organizations especially due to its increased rate among both the juveniles and the adults.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Juvenile Statistics in Criminal Activities specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More There are various reasons that facilitate the indulgence of individuals especially the juveniles into criminal activities for instance peer pressure, emulation of people and the desire to copy and be like them, poor upbringing for example where the parents or caregivers do not offer guidance towards good behaviour, poverty due to unemployment and lack of education among others. There are vari ous strategies that could be applied in the correction of the juvenile delinquents all with their positive and negative impacts on the offenders depending on their effectiveness (Finley, 2007). This paper looks into the issue of juvenile delinquency with much emphasis being given to the recent trends in this field and the factors associated with them. Discussion Just like in any other aspect, there are observable trends when it comes along the issue of juvenile delinquency. One notable trend is the decrease in the number of juvenile delinquent arrests that were made between 1998 and 2007 as shown in table 1 of this assignment. There are various reasons that contribute to indulgence of children and the youths into criminal activities. They include poverty and peer pressure among others. Consequently there exist various factors that could lead to the reduction in the levels or rates of juvenile delinquent arrests, which follows a decline in the engagement of the juveniles in criminal activities that could in one way or the other cause an alarm to the society and the justice law enforcement systems. From table 1, there was a significant decrease in the rate of juvenile arrests in 2007. Larceny theft for instance accounted for approximately 300,300 juvenile arrests. Between 1998 and 2007, the decrease rate was 32% which is a considerable fall. The information in the table also shows that violent index that consists of aggravated assault, robbery, forcible rape as well as murder and non negligence manslaughter decreased over the years. This is however with the exception of juvenile arrests for murder, which increased between tear 2006- 2007 by a slight percentage (3%).Advertising Looking for critical writing on criminal law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In regard to gender, statistics show that women juvenile accounts for a relatively fewer number of arrests as compared to the male counterparts. In 2007, for instance, the females accounted for approximately 17% of juvenile crime index arrests, 33% of juvenile disorderly conduct arrests and 35% of juvenile property crime index arrests. This could be accrued to a variety of reasons for instance the fact that some crimes seem more daring to the females and they find themselves shying away from them. This is not the same case for the men and thus their arrest rates seem to be relatively high compared to those linked with the men. Although there have been a notable positive move in regard to juvenile delinquency in regard to the rate of arrests, it is also clear that the problem has not been dealt with completely. For example, in the year 2007 children and youths under the age of 15 amounted for 28% of the total juvenile arrests for violent crime index offences. They also accounted for approximately 31% of the total property crime index offences. This rate is neither too low nor too high and thus the need to take necessary acti ons to avoid exacerbating the rate but rather keeping the rate to the minimum rate possible. It is also clear that one reason that can be attributed to a decrease in rate of juvenile arrest is the trends that have been observed in criminology field including the advancement and sophistication in the criminal ventures due to technology for instance computer based crimes, international terrorism and money laundering, engagement in transnational corporate crime and formation of more transnational organized crime groups with advanced criminal ventures. Although this is a negative aspect, it has greatly helped in setting up of strategies that are aimed at handling the emerging kinds of criminal activities in an effort of reducing the chances of the existing criminal justice systems becoming even more ineffective with a lot of people indulging in crime especially the youths. For this reason, plans aimed at implementing some of the programs that have been identified by various researchers in this field have been put into place to ensure that the juvenile delinquents are handled effectively.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Juvenile Statistics in Criminal Activities specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The programs mainly aim at preventing the youths from indulging in delinquent behaviours, preventing the first-time offenders from further engagement in criminal behaviour and emphasizing family relations. This has greatly reduced the number of both the ordinary as well as the serious juvenile offenders (Burfeind and Bartusch, 2010). Another notable factor is the fact that there have been changes in the field of criminology including the justice systems that are in place to cater for different offences. The juvenile justice system was in a bad situation over the past despite the efforts that had been put in place to improve the condition hence inefficiencies that led to an increase in the rate of crime among the juveniles. However, in the recent past, there have been positive changes for instance the substitution of punishment with discipline which avoids focusing on the young offenders’ deficits or weaknesses but instead establishes a system that builds on their strengths and emphasizes on the benefits of good behaviour through rehabilitation. This has avoided repeated arrests as the juveniles are able to learn of the importance of living a good life that is free from criminal activities. There is no one specific reason as to why there have been the above trends in juvenile delinquency but rather, the issue could be attributed to a combination of factors each making a certain change, whether positive or negative. A variety of bodies and communities have for instance been concerned with juvenile delinquency leading to formation of various programs and approaches aimed at preventing and controlling crime among the juveniles. Some of them include after school programs. There is a tendency of youths engaging in crime in after school hours since their parents are at work and hence no supervision. These programs therefore reduce the chances of indulging in crime. Early family intervention has also helped in preventing and reducing juvenile cases in USA and other parts of the world. This includes counseling that enables good upbringing thus reducing chances of engaging in delinquent behaviour. In addition, alternative justice operations have been adopted. Special courts have for example played a great role in rehabilitating delinquent children and youth in an effort of preventing repeat offences.Advertising Looking for critical writing on criminal law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This is because the delinquents are equipped with relevant social skills that enable them to cope with general life situations. This is as opposed to when they were subjected to harsh punishment conditions which instead of correcting them, they made them rebellious. Another factor that is attributed to the decline in juvenile cases between 1998 and 2007 is the existence of job training programs. This equips the youths with necessary skills that allow them to secure employment chances. This avoids idleness and poverty that could make the youth indulge in criminal activities as a way of hiding their embarrassment and seeking a source of livelihood (Scott and Steinberg, 2008). Conclusion From the above study, it is evident that the importance of effective interventions for juvenile offenders can not in any way be underemphasized as the group forms a significant portion of the overall criminal offenders worldwide (from statistics). For this reason, they pose a great challenge to the soc iety and also to the criminal justice bodies or agencies in relation to the seriousness of their offences and also the high frequency in which they carry out the criminal activities. There have been some improvements in interventions methods used in handling these offenders to enhance effectiveness of justice systems in order to deal with this ordeal in an appropriate manner. It is clear that there have been a good move in regard to the rates of the criminal cases among the juveniles. The major reason for the decline is the improvements that have been done in the judicial system and more so how those caught committing criminal activities are treated. Reference List Burfeind, J and Bartusch, J. D. (2010). Juvenile Delinquency: An Integrated Approach. 2nd Ed. New York: Jones Bartlett Learning Finley, L. L. (2007). Encyclopedia of Juvenile Violence. London: Greenwood Publishing Group. Scott, S.E. and Steinberg D.L (2008). Rethinking Juvenile Justice. USA: Harvard University Press.

FLOOD DAMAGE TO COMMERCIAL PROPERTIES Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

FLOOD DAMAGE TO COMMERCIAL PROPERTIES - Essay Example bviously, the client is left with no choice other than relocate for some time until the water in the basement is flushed out and the necessary repairs to the damaged service infrastructure comprising the main electricity intake room, telecommunications hub and the IT server room are carried out. Firstly, it is necessary to assess the damages caused by the flood. This comprises the damages suffered by the basement interiors, electricity wiring, telecommunications hub and the IT server. Damages were also done to the ground floor although not to the extent of the one in the basement (Flood Prevention Schemes, 2005). The client is right in questioning the suitability of the current flood prevention measures because the flood prevention measures have not effectively shielded the building against the flood and the consequent damages. Obviously, the flooding in the area is a recent phenomenon because of changes in climatic conditions and global warming that is causing floods and hurricanes ubiquitously. Undoubtedly, repairs needed in the basement are extensive and it is going to involve time. The entire wiring may require to be changed and even the telecommunications hub and IT server may require replacing. Now the waters still present in the basement have to be flushed out, and the interior walls thoroughly cleansed and treated against organisms like molds (Brandt, Mary et al, 2006). Moreover, the ground floor too suffered some damages and process to remove the sewage water in the ground floor of the building must be carried out. Apparently, the floodwaters have been in the basement for quite a while now, perhaps a couple of days. Nothing could be done earlier because of the continuous inflow of floodwaters and/or due to rains (Brody, Samuel D et al, 2007). The client has questioned the suitability of the current flood prevention measures in the building and surrounding area and has asked for outline proposals that would improve the current provision. As mentioned

The Prosecution System of Canada Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

The Prosecution System of Canada - Essay Example This is especially true when it is something that is involving one from the police force's on brotherhood. They are hesitant to act right away, which is evidently obvious in the subsequent case being discussed in this research. In the first case it can be safely assumed that law enforcement is quite aware of interactions involving the distribution of this drug in many areas of Canada yet when they find that it is being carried out for the betterment of those with health issues they often step aside unless unabashed behaviors are found to be quite heavy. The reasons for this are many since the Constitution plays an integral part in how all of this comes into being. The Constitutional rights and the new Charter, of the individual in this first case plays a definitive role in the prosecution process sometimes hindering it and leading to dismissals while at other times assisting the prosecution. There are a number of variables that affect this legal process and none really have the solidity that law enforcement would like. Also, many similar ramifications of this new Charter have an affect on the secondary case in this research as well because this mans Constitutional rights have not been wholly upheld, and pr omises for treatment of his depression not kept totally intact. He has somewhat slipped through the cracks and been looked over. Perhaps this could be due to the fact he has a history of working in the police department and no one assumed his actions would go as far as they did in the case. Chapter 7 of the Constitution protects the rights of those who are very ill, either mentally (such as with severe depression) or with a medical reason so it is seen how this Charter plays a part in both of these cases. There are cases that can provide validity into both of these scenarios, and that can also give the solid reasoning needed to find the answer as to why it is imperative to have a legal understanding of how these types of cases should be handled. In this way an appropriate legal definition can be understood as to how and why legal actions should or should not be carried out. Reverting back to the case involving the usage and distribution of cannabis, Mr. Smith's case is not so different from many others and on these grounds he will more than likely not be held liable for any criminal intent in his business activities so it would be somewhat useless to even attempt to take the case to court based on the concrete evidence that is available. That is, unless it can be proven that his motives are promoting recreational usage as well. The case with the prior police officer is a little more complicated and the following research will show how disregard for treatment of depression, for anyone, can lead to more complications than first perceived. This is even with regard to those who are normally upstanding and law abiding citizens. The Smith Case This case is openly situated around the idea that the distribution of marijuana or cannabis is solely regulated by the MMAR but there remain some restrictions in this area. In this case, as in many others in the past, law enforcement is aware of the transactions going on outside of the regulations of this program yet they do not always enforce any legal penalties, not unless there is a